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How can aberrant B lymphoblasts in B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) be distinguished from hematogones?

Hematogones are immature B-cell precursors that are found primarily in the bone marrow from which they arise. They are found in greatest abundance in infants and young children and decline with age. They are frequently increased in regenerating bone marrow after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant, but also can be increased in other inflammatory, hematologic, oncologic, and inflammatory disorders. They are rarely detected in peripheral blood. It is particularly important to be able to differentiate hematogones from neoplastic B-cell precursors in the diagnosis and monitoring of B-ALL. B-lineage lymphoblasts and hematogones often share immunophenotypic characteristics. Thus, hematogone hyperplasia can be mistaken for B-ALL at diagnosis and regenerating hematogones can be mistaken for minimal residual disease after therapy. Figure 1A shows normal B-lineage maturation. All hematogones are positive for CD19 (not shown) and show variable expression of CD58. The earliest hematogones...

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) multiple myeloma versus Waldenström macroglobulinemia: diagnostic challenges and therapeutic options: two case reports

Autors:  Simona Elba ,  Alessia Castellino ,  […] Massimo Massaia volume details Abstract Background Immunoglobulin M multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia are two different hematological diseases with the common finding of an immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. However, clinical characteristics of the two entities can overlap. Case presentation In this report, we describe two cases of immunoglobulin M neoplasm with the same histological bone marrow presentation but with different clinical behavior, cytogenetics, and biological assessment. On the basis of comprehensive diagnostic workup, these patients were considered to have different diseases and treated accordingly with different approaches. Patient 1 (Caucasian man) presented with increased serum protein and immunoglobulin M (7665 mg/L) with an M-spike electrophoresis of 4600 mg/L. His bone marrow biopsy revealed a small-cell immunoglobulin M mul...